ÓÑÇéÌáʾ£ºÈç¹û±¾ÍøÒ³´ò¿ªÌ«Âý»òÏÔʾ²»ÍêÕû£¬Çë³¢ÊÔÊó±êÓÒ¼ü¡°Ë¢Ð¡±±¾ÍøÒ³£¡ÔĶÁ¹ý³Ì·¢ÏÖÈκδíÎóÇë¸æËßÎÒÃÇ£¬Ð»Ð»£¡£¡ ±¨¸æ´íÎó
¹·¹·Êé¼® ·µ»Ø±¾ÊéĿ¼ ÎÒµÄÊé¼Ü ÎÒµÄÊéÇ© TXTÈ«±¾ÏÂÔØ ½øÈëÊé°É ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©

ÖƸߵã-µÚ38ÕÂ

°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·­Ò³£¬°´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿£¡
¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ªÎ´ÔĶÁÍꣿ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©ÒѱãÏ´μÌÐøÔĶÁ£¡



ä³ÉÁ˶íÂÞ˹×î´óµÄÒøÐÐÖ®Ò»¡£
VLADIMIR¡¡POTANIN£»¡¡President£»¡¡Interros¡¡Holding¡¡pany£º¡¡I¡¡decided¡¡to¡¡bee¡¡a¡¡businessman¡¡at¡¡the¡¡moment¡¡when¡¡I¡¡understood¡¡that¡¡it¡¡is¡¡possible¡£¡¡I¡¡grew¡¡in¡¡a¡¡country¡¡where¡¡it¡¡was¡¡not¡¡possible£»¡¡and¡¡there¡¡existed¡¡even¡¡a¡¡special¡¡article¡¡in¡¡a¡¡penal¡¡court¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Soviet¡¡Union¡¡which¡¡banished¡¡entrepreneuring¡¡activity¡£
Interros¿Ø¹É¹«Ë¾£¨Interros¡¡Holding¡¡pany£©×ܲø¥À­»ùÃ׶û¡£²¨´óÁÖ£¨Vladimir¡¡Potanin£©£ºµ±ÎÒÒâʶµ½ÓпÉÄÜÁËʱ£¬ÎÒ¾ö¶¨Òª³ÉΪһÃûÉÌÈË£¬ÎÒÉú³¤ÔÚÒ»¸ö²»¿ÉÄÜ×öÕâ¼þʵĹú¼Ò£¬ÔÚËÕÁªµÄÐÌÊ·¨Í¥ÖÐÉõÖÁ´æÔÚÒ»¸öÌرðµÄÌõ¿îÓÃÒÔ´¦·£´´ÒµÐԻ¡£
NARRATOR£º¡¡Potanin's¡¡next¡¡venture¡¡would¡¡lead¡¡some¡¡to¡¡see¡¡him¡¡as¡¡an¡¡inspired¡¡entrepreneur£»¡¡others¡¡as¡¡a¡¡robber¡¡baron¡£¡¡In¡¡1995¡¡he¡¡decided¡¡to¡¡make¡¡a¡¡play¡¡for¡¡Norilsk¡¡Nickel£»¡¡but¡¡to¡¡take¡¡over¡¡Norilsk¡¡meant¡¡going¡¡up¡¡against¡¡one¡¡of¡¡the¡¡most¡¡powerful¡¡of¡¡the¡¡old¡¡Red¡¡Directors£»¡¡Anatoly¡¡Filatov¡£
ÅÔ°×£º²¨´óÁÖ£¨Potanin£©½ÓÏÂÀ´³ÉÁ¢µÄ¹«Ë¾Ê¹µÃÒ»²¿·ÖÈËÈÏΪËûÊÇÒ»ÃûÓÅÐãµÄÆóÒµ¼Ò£¬¶øÁíÒ»²¿·ÖÈËÔò°ÑËû¿´×÷ÊÇÇ¿µÁ×ʱ¾¼Ò£º1995Ä꣬Ëû¾ö¶¨²ÎÓ뾭ӪŵÀï¶û˹¿ËÄø³§£¨Norilsk¡¡Nickel£©£¬µ«ÊÇ£¬½Ó¹ÜÄø³§Òâζ×ÅÒª·´¶ÔÒ»¸ö×îÓÐÓ°ÏìÁ¦µÄºìÉ«Áìµ¼ÈË£¨Red¡¡Directors£©¡ª¡ª°¢ÄǶàÄá¡£·ÆÀÕ¶à·ò£¨Anatoly¡¡Filatov£©¡£
BORIS¡¡JORDAN£º¡¡Filatov¡¡of¡¡Norilsk£»¡¡the¡¡hardest¡¡guy£»¡¡one¡¡of¡¡the¡¡most¡¡powerful¡¡men¡¡in¡¡Russia¡£¡¡Potanin£»¡¡who¡¡was¡¡at¡¡that¡¡time¡¡a¡¡relatively¡¡unknown¡¡person¡¡in¡¡this¡¡country£»¡¡went¡¡up¡¡against¡¡this¡¡guy¡£¡¡Norilsk¡¡Nickel¡¡was¡¡the¡¡test¡¡case¡£
±«Àï˹¡£Çǵ¤£ºÅµÀï¶û˹¿ËµÄ·ÆÀÕ¶à·ò£¨Filatov£©ÊÇ×îÄѶԸ¶µÄ¼Ò»ï£¬ËûÊǶíÂÞ˹×îÓÐÓ°ÏìµÄÈËÎïÖ®Ò»£¬²¨´óÁÖ£¨Potanin£©ÄÇʱºòÔÚÕâ¸ö¹ú¼Ò»¹²»ÆðÑÛ£¬ËûÕ¾ÆðÀ´·´¶ÔÕâ¸öÈË£¬ÅµÀï¶û˹¿ËÄø³§£¨Norilsk¡¡Nickel£©³ÉÁËÒ»¸ö¿¼Ñé¡£
NARRATOR£º¡¡Potanin¡¡needed¡¡allies¡£¡¡These¡¡were¡¡the¡¡richest¡¡of¡¡the¡¡new¡¡entrepreneurs¡£¡¡They¡¡came¡¡to¡¡be¡¡known¡¡and¡¡hated¡¡as¡¡"£»the¡¡oligarchs¡£"£»
ÅÔ°×£º²¨´óÁÖ£¨Potanin£©ÐèҪͬÃË£¬ËûÃǶ¼ÊÇÐÂÐËÆóÒµ¼ÒÖÐ×ÓеÄÒ»ÅúÈË£¬ËûÃDZ»ÊÓ×÷¡°¹ÑÍ·¡±ÂýÂýµØΪÈËËùÖª£¬²¢ÎªÈËËùÍ´ºÞ¡£
VLADIMIR¡¡POTANIN£º¡¡By¡¡1995£»¡¡we¡¡had¡¡new¡¡business¡¡elite¡¡who¡¡in¡¡my¡¡opinion¡¡were¡¡efficient¡¡owners¡¡and¡¡qualified¡¡managers£»¡¡but¡¡they¡¡had¡¡no¡¡property¡¡in¡¡their¡¡hands¡£¡¡That's¡¡why¡¡it¡¡was¡¡the¡¡struggle¡¡between¡¡old¡¡Red¡¡Directors¡¡and¡¡new¡¡managers¡¡who¡¡gained¡¡their¡¡money¡¡let's¡¡say¡¡themselves¡£
¸¥À­»ùÃ׶û¡£²¨´óÁÖ£¨Vladimir¡¡Potanin£©£ºµ½1995Ä꣬ÎÒÃÇÒѾ­ÓÐÁËеÄÉÌÒµ¾«Ó¢£¬ÔÚÎÒ¿´À´ÕâЩÈ˶¼ÊǷdz£ÓÐЧÂʵÄËùÓÐÕߺÍѵÁ·ÓÐËصľ­Àí£¬µ«ÊÇËûÃÇÊÖÀïûÓвƲú£¬ËûÃÇÖ»ÄÜͨ¹ý×Ô¼º×¬Ç®£¬Õâ¾ÍÊÇΪʲôÔÚÀϺìÉ«Áìµ¼ÈË£¨Red¡¡Directors£©ºÍÐÂÉú´úµÄ¾­ÀíÃÇÖ®¼äÒª½øÐж·ÕùµÄÔ­Òò£¬
NARRATOR£º¡¡To¡¡break¡¡the¡¡power¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Red¡¡Directors£»¡¡the¡¡oligarchs¡¡needed¡¡political¡¡support¡£
ÅÔ°×£ºÒª³åÆƺìÉ«Áìµ¼ÈË£¨Red¡¡Directors£©µÄÁ¦Á¿£¬¹ÑÍ·ÃÇÐèÒªÕþÖÎÉϵÄÖ§³Ö¡£
VLADIMIR¡¡POTANIN£º¡¡It¡¡was¡¡politically¡¡very¡¡difficult¡¡to¡¡withdraw¡¡this¡¡power¡¡from¡¡the¡¡Red¡¡Directors¡£¡¡Even¡¡the¡¡government¡¡and¡¡even¡¡Chubais¡¡were¡¡not¡¡strong¡¡enough¡¡to¡¡win¡¡easily¡¡this¡¡struggle¡£
¸¥À­»ùÃ׶û¡£²¨´óÁÖ£¨Vladimir¡¡Potanin£©£ºÒªÏë°ÑȨÁ¦´ÓºìÉ«Áìµ¼ÈË£¨Red¡¡Directors£©ÊÖÖÐÊÕ»ØÀ´£¬ÔÚÕþÖÎÉÏÊǷdz£À§Äѵģ¬¼´Ê¹ÊÇÕþ¸®£¬¼´Ê¹ÊÇÇð°Ý˹£¨Chubais£©±¾ÈËÒ²ÎÞ·¨ÇáÒ×µØÓ®µÃÕⳡ¶·Õù¡£
NARRATOR£º¡¡It¡¡looked¡¡as¡¡if¡¡the¡¡munists¡¡were¡¡going¡¡to¡¡win¡¡the¡¡uping¡¡1996¡¡presidential¡¡elections¡£¡¡Yeltsin¡¡and¡¡the¡¡reformers¡¡had¡¡to¡¡find¡¡a¡¡way¡¡to¡¡stop¡¡them¡£
ÅÔ°×£º¿´ÆðÀ´¹²²úµ³Ëƺõ»áÓ®µÃ¼´½«µ½À´µÄ1996ÄêµÄ×Üͳ´óÑ¡£¬Ò¶ÀûÇպ͸ĸï¼ÒÃDZØÐëÒªÕÒµ½°ì·¨×èÖ¹ËûÃÇ¡£
LILIA¡¡SHEVTSOVA£º¡¡In¡¡the¡¡beginning¡¡of¡¡1996£»¡¡Yeltsin¡¡enjoyed¡¡only¡¡5¡¡percent¡¡of¡¡popularity¡£¡¡He¡¡definitely¡¡needed¡¡financial¡¡assistance£»¡¡financial¡¡resources¡¡from¡¡the¡¡rich¡¡people£»¡¡the¡¡oligarchs¡£
LILIA¡¡SHEVTSOVA£ºÔÚ1996Äê³õ£¬Ò¶ÀûÇÕÖ»ÓÐ5£¥µÄÓµ»¤ÂÊ£¬ºÁÎÞÒÉÎÊ£¬ËûÐèÒª¸»ÉÌ¡ª¹ÑÍ·ÃǵIJÆÎñÔ®ÖúºÍ²ÆÎñ×ÊÔ´¡£
NARRATOR£º¡¡The¡¡government¡¡and¡¡the¡¡oligarchs¡¡needed¡¡each¡¡other£»¡¡and¡¡they¡¡needed¡¡to¡¡move¡¡fast¡£¡¡The¡¡government¡¡feared¡¡a¡¡munist¡¡eback£»¡¡the¡¡oligarchs¡¡feared¡¡the¡¡loss¡¡of¡¡their¡¡fortunes¡£¡¡The¡¡oligarchs¡¡hammered¡¡out¡¡a¡¡secret¡¡deal¡¡that¡¡would¡¡enable¡¡them¡¡to¡¡acquire¡¡key¡¡industries¡¡at¡¡a¡¡knockdown¡¡price¡£
ÅÔ°×£ºÕþ¸®ºÍ¹ÑÍ·ÃÇÏ໥ÐèÒª£¬¶øÇÒËûÃDZØÐëѸËÙ²ÉÈ¡Ðж¯¡£Õþ¸®µ£ÐĹ²²úÖ÷ÒåµÄ¸´±Ù£¬¹ÑÍ·Ãǵ£ÐÄËûÃǵIJƸ»»á±»°þ¶á¡£¹ÑÍ·ÃÇ´ï³ÉÁËÒ»ÏîÃØÃÜЭÒ飬ʹµÃËûÃÇÄܹ»ÒÔ¼«µÍµÄ¼Û¸ñ»ñȡһЩ¹Ø¼üµÄÆóÒµ¡£
BORIS¡¡JORDAN£º¡¡Potanin¡¡proposed¡¡a¡¡privatization¡¡program¡¡which¡¡today¡¡is¡¡still¡¡used¡£¡¡It's¡¡exceptionally¡¡controversial£»¡¡a¡¡loansforshares¡¡program£»¡¡and¡¡that¡¡program¡¡entailed¡¡Russian¡¡business¡¡giving¡¡the¡¡government¡¡loans¡¡in¡¡return¡¡for¡¡taking¡¡the¡¡shares¡¡of¡¡strategic¡¡assets¡¡as¡¡collateral¡£¡¡In¡¡fact£»¡¡what¡¡ended¡¡up¡¡happening¡¡is¡¡most¡¡of¡¡these¡¡panies¡¡ended¡¡up¡¡getting¡¡sold¡¡back¡¡to¡¡the¡¡guy¡¡that¡¡actually¡¡provided¡¡the¡¡loan¡£
±«Àï˹¡£Çǵ¤£¨Boris¡¡Jordan£©£º²¨´óÁÖ£¨Potanin£©ÌáÒéÁËÒ»¸ö˽Óл¯µÄ¼Æ»®£¬Õâ¸ö¼Æ»®½ñÌìÈÔÈ»ÔÚʹÓá£Õâ¸ö¼Æ»®ÊǼ«¾ßÕùÒéµÄ£¬³ÆΪ´û¿î»»¹ÉƱ¼Æ»®¡£Õâ¸ö¼Æ»®Ê¹µÃ¶íÂÞ˹ÉÌÈË¿ÉÒÔÒÔÏòÕþ¸®Ìṩ´û¿î×÷ΪµÖѺµÄÐÎʽ¶ø»ñÈ¡Õ½ÂÔÐÔ×ʲúµÄ¹ÉȨ¡£Êµ¼ÊÉÏ£¬×îÖյĽá¹ûÊÇÐí¶àÕâÑùµÄ¹«Ë¾×îÖÕ¾ÍÂô¸øÁËÄÇЩʵ¼ÊÌṩ´û¿îµÄÈË¡£
NARRATOR£º¡¡The¡¡oligarchs'¡¡money¡¡would¡¡help¡¡Yeltsin¡¡fight¡¡the¡¡presidential¡¡election¡£¡¡In¡¡exchange£»¡¡they¡¡wanted¡¡the¡¡manding¡¡heights¡£
ÅÔ°×£º¹ÑÍ·ÃÇÌṩµÄ×ʽ𽫰ïÖúÒ¶ÀûÇÕÓ®µÃ×Üͳ´óÑ¡£¬×÷Ϊ½»»»£¬ËûÃÇÒªÇó»ñµÃ¹ú¼Ò¾­¼ÃµÄÖƸߵ㡣


Chapter¡¡20£º¡¡Closing¡¡the¡¡Deal¡¡£§3£º50£§
µÚ¶þʮգº¡¡½»Ò׵ĽáÊø
ANATOLY¡¡CHUBAIS£º¡¡The¡¡dilemma¡¡was¡¡not¡¡should¡¡we¡¡choose¡¡this¡¡way¡¡of¡¡privatization¡¡or¡¡another¡¡way¡¡which¡¡is¡¡more¡¡transparent£»¡¡more¡¡open£»¡¡more¡¡public¡£¡¡The¡¡idea¡¡was£»¡¡should¡¡we¡¡choose¡¡this¡¡way¡¡or¡¡nothing¡£
°¢ÄÇÌØÀû¡£Çð°Ý˹£¨Anatoly¡¡Chubais£©£ºÀ§ÄѲ»ÔÚÓÚÎÒÃÇÊÇÓ¦¸ÃÑ¡ÔñÕâÖÖ˽Óл¯µÄ·½Ê½ÄØ£¬»¹ÊǸÃÑ¡ÔñÁíÒ»ÖÖ¸ü¼Ó͸Ã÷¡¢¸ü¼Ó¹«¿ªµÄ˽Óл¯·½Ê½£¬Êµ¼ÊµÄÏë·¨ÊÇÎÒÃÇÓ¦¸ÃÑ¡ÔñÕâÖÖ·½Ê½Ë½Óл¯ÄØ£¬»¹ÊÇʲô¶¼²»¸É¡£
YEGOR¡¡GAIDAR£º¡¡The¡¡point¡¡of¡¡the¡¡loansforshares¡¡deal¡¡was¡¡aimed¡¡at¡¡creating¡¡a¡¡critical¡¡mass¡¡of¡¡powerful¡¡and¡¡influential¡¡businessmen¡¡whose¡¡primary¡¡interest¡¡would¡¡be¡¡to¡¡prevent¡¡the¡¡munists¡¡from¡¡ing¡¡back¡£
Óȸꡣ¸Ç´ï£¨Yegor¡¡Gaidar£©£º´û¿î»»¹ÉȨ½»Ò׵ijö·¢µãÖ¼ÔÚÔì¾ÍÒ»´óÅúÇ¿´óºÍÓÐÓ°ÏìÁ¦µÄÉÌÈË£¬ÕâЩÈ˵Ä×î³õÀûÒæ¾ÍÊÇÒª×èÖ¹¹²²úÖ÷ÒåµÄ¸´±Ù¡£
NARRATOR£º¡¡With¡¡their¡¡media¡¡panies¡¡and¡¡wealth£»¡¡the¡¡oligarchs¡¡backed¡¡Yeltsin's¡¡reelection¡¡campaign¡£¡¡Singing¡¡and¡¡dancing¡¡endlessly¡¡across¡¡Russia£»¡¡Yeltsin¡¡surged¡¡ahead¡¡in¡¡the¡¡polls¡¡and¡¡to¡¡victory¡£
ÅÔ°×£ºÍ¨¹ýËûÃǵÄýÌ幫˾ºÍ²Æ¸»£¬¹ÑÍ·ÃÇÖ§³ÖÁËÒ¶ÀûÇÕ¾ºÑ¡Á¬ÈεÄÔ˶¯£¬È«¶íÂÞ˹ÔظèÔØÎ裬ҶÀûÇÕÔÚÃñÒâ²âÑéÖдó´óʤ³ö²¢Ó®µÃÁËÑ¡¾Ù¡£
Potanin¡¡entered¡¡Yeltsin's¡¡Cabinet£»¡¡the¡¡oligarchs'¡¡direct¡¡voice¡¡in¡¡the¡¡Kremlin¡£¡¡Potanin¡¡had¡¡won¡¡Norilsk¡¡Nickel£»¡¡and¡¡with¡¡it£»¡¡a¡¡third¡¡of¡¡the¡¡world's¡¡nickel¡£¡¡For¡¡a¡¡pany¡¡with¡¡annual¡¡sales¡¡of¡¡£»¡¡Potanin¡¡paid¡¡170¡¡million¡£
²¨´óÁÖ£¨Potanin£©½øÈëÁËÒ¶ÀûÇÕµÄÄڸ󣬳ÉΪ¹ÑÍ·ÃÇÔÚ¿ËÀïÄ·ÁÖ¹¬µÄÖ±½Ó´úÑÔÈË£¬²¨´óÁÖ£¨Potanin£©ÄÃÏÂÁËŵÀï¶û˹¿ËÄø³§£¨Norilsk¡¡Nickel£©£¬´Ó¶øÒ²ÄÃÏÂÁËÕâ¸ö³§µÄռȫÊ
·µ»ØĿ¼ ÉÏÒ»Ò³ ÏÂÒ»Ò³ »Øµ½¶¥²¿ ÔÞ£¨0£© ²È£¨0£©
δÔĶÁÍꣿ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©ÒѱãÏ´μÌÐøÔĶÁ£¡
ÎÂÜ°Ìáʾ£º ο´Ð¡ËµµÄͬʱ·¢±íÆÀÂÛ£¬Ëµ³ö×Ô¼ºµÄ¿´·¨ºÍÆäËüС»ï°éÃÇ·ÖÏíÒ²²»´íŶ£¡·¢±íÊéÆÀ»¹¿ÉÒÔ»ñµÃ»ý·ÖºÍ¾­Ñé½±Àø£¬ÈÏÕæдԭ´´ÊéÆÀ ±»²ÉÄÉΪ¾«ÆÀ¿ÉÒÔ»ñµÃ´óÁ¿½ð±Ò¡¢»ý·ÖºÍ¾­Ñé½±ÀøŶ£¡