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制高点-第59章

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 like in much of the Third World; it isn't functioning because we have missed some of the crucial elements that the Westerners added in the 18th and 19th centuries; like property rights; without which the system cannot function。
HERNANDO DE SOTO:我现在要去Cajamarca的原因是:在柏林墙倒塌12年之后,在秘鲁实施了市场政策11年之后,他们的情况没有什么大的好转,他们想知道原因。《资本的奥秘》提供了一种解释:这个体系在西方基本上运作良好,但在我们的国家,和第三世界的大多数地方,这个体系并不能起到作用,
Onscreen caption: Cajamarca; Peru
字幕:Cajamarca; 秘鲁
NARRATOR: De Soto's book had bee the number one bestseller in Peru's history。 And in poor neighborhoods across the country; this economist had bee a celebrity。
旁白:De Soto的书已经成为秘鲁历史上最畅销的书籍,在全国各个贫穷的地区,这位经济学家也成了名人。
De Soto believes that people are capitalists by nature; but that in the developing world; most are locked out of the capitalist system。
De Soto认为人类具有成为资本家的天性,但在第三世界,大多数国家被隔离于资本主义体系之外。
HERNANDO DE SOTO: Peru; like in every other developing and former munist nation; people on the ground; with or without a property law; have basically agreed on the distribution of assets among themselves。 You go to any of the places we've been to  the hinterland of Egypt; of the Philippines; of Haiti; where there is no official law that is actually in place or being enforced; but there is another law in place: You step on somebody's territory; and somebody es up and says; ";Get off my territory;"; where there's a law or no law。 You walk down the street; and you walk into a garden; and the dog starts barking; and you start finding out that that dog is defending a consensually agreed determination of possession rights throughout a certain area。 So there are property systems in place。 The question; I think; the important thing is that they're illegal。 They're extralegal; to be more precise。
HERNANDO DE SOTO:在秘鲁,和在任何其他发展中国家和前共产主义国家一样,没有财产法律,人们基本同意他们之间的财产分配方式。你到我们曾经去过的任何地方去——埃及的内陆、菲律宾、海地——那儿实际上没有实施什么官方法律,但是,却奉行另外一种法律:如果你侵入了别人的领地,就有人站出来说:“从我的领地上离开”。不管那儿有没有什么法律。你在街上行走的时候闯进了一个花园,狗就开始狂吠,你发现这条狗在保卫经过公众共同所决定的对某片区域的所有权。因此,那儿存在这一个财产体系。我认为,问题是——重要的一件事是他们的行为是非法的,或者更为确切地说,他们是处在法律之外的。
Onscreen caption: Kilimanjaro; Tanzania
字幕:乞力马扎罗,坦桑尼亚
NARRATOR: In the West; property rights are taken so for granted; they rarely cross our minds。 But in many countries; these crucial ";tools of capitalism"; simply aren't available。
旁白:在西方,财产权被认为是理所当然的,人们很少会怀疑这一点。但是在许多其它国家,这些关键的“资本主义”工具并不存在。
In the foothills of Mt。 Kilimanjaro; Philip Tesha's family has grown coffee for generations。 He sells directly into the global market; yet like many in the developing world; he can't prove that what he owns is actually his。
在乞力马扎罗山的山脚下,Philip Tesha一家世代种植咖啡,他将咖啡直接销往全球市场,但是,和许多生活在发展中国家的人一样,他不能证明他拥有的财产实际上属于他自己。
INTERVIEWER: So who owns the land around here?
访谈者:那么谁拥有附近的土地呢?
PHILIP TESHA; Coffee Farmer; Tanzania: The land is our property。 We brought it from the farmer who was willing to sell to us。 So we brought this land; although we don't hold any title for the ownership。 But it's our property。
PHILIP TESHA; 咖啡种植户,坦桑尼亚:土地是我们的财产,我们从一个愿意出售的农民那里得来的。我们买下了这片土地,虽然我们不拥有所有权,但是,它是我们的财产。
INTERVIEWER: So how can you prove that's your property?
访谈者:那么你怎样能证明这是你的财产呢?
PHILIP TESHA: Because I'm here。 I was the person who brought it; and the person who sold it to me is also around here。
PHILIP TESHA:因为我就在这里啊。我就是买下它的人,出售这片地的人也在附近。
HERNANDO DE SOTO: So what we've been discovering is that there's a real huge paper wall that stops the poor from actually being able to develop private legal enterprise。
HERNANDO DE SOTO: 因此,我们已经发现的是:存在着一个实际的、巨大的纸墙阻挡着穷人,使他们不能发展合法的私有企业。
NARRATOR: Without property rights; ordinary people in developing countries can't get a loan; a mortgage; or credit。 They are excluded from the capitalist system; and the global market simply passes them by。
旁白:没有财产权,发展中国家的普通人民不能获得贷款、按揭或者信用。他们被隔离在资本主义制度之外,全球市场与他们擦身而过。
HERNANDO DE SOTO: So this is a time of crisis for the cause of capitalism worldwide; because for the moment it has only meant giving the elite of developing countries additional opportunities; and not being able to get down deep; deep into where the real majority interests of people in any developing country are; which is among the poor。
HERNANDO DE SOTO:因此,此时是全球资本主义事业产生危机的时刻,因为,它只能给发展中国家的少数精英提供额外的机遇,而不能给任何发展中国家中的绝大部分人的利益服务。
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Chapter 20: The Bottom End of Globalism '4:46'
第二十章: 全球主义的底端
JEFFREY SACHS: It is an incredible moral problem how to live together with this vast gap in wealth。 It's also an incredible intellectual problem。 It's what development economists such as myself spend all our time thinking about。 Why is the gap so large? What can be done to help the poorer countries narrow the gap? It's a very tough question。
JEFFREY SACHS:如何与这种财富的巨大差异共存是一个不可思议的道德问题,同时也是一个不可思议的智力问题。这也是象我这样的发展经济学家毕生思考的问题。为什么贫富差距如此之大?我们能采取什么措施帮助贫穷国家缩小这个差距?这是个非常困难的问题。
NARRATOR: Places like Merelani; in Northern Tanzania; are the bottom end of the global economy。 Miners hunt for gemstones  tanzanite  that will eventually sell for over 1;000 per stone。
旁白:坦桑尼亚北部的Merelani等地方是全球经济的最低端。矿工在寻找一种宝石——坦桑黝帘石,每块这样的宝石能卖到1;00美元0。
Some mines are too narrow for grown men to navigate。 Those mines are left to children as young as 10; known as 
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