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of capitalism； fascism cast its shadow ever wider。 John Maynard Keynes saw his nightmare ing true。
旁白：银行倒闭；工厂停工；上百万人失业。工人－他们中的许多人是参加过战争的老兵－在全国范围内举行示威游行，向政府要求“工作的权力”。而意大利、西班牙和德国的游行则发展到另一种不同的结果。随着资本主义的失败，法西斯主义扩大了它的影响。John Maynard Keynes看到他的梦魇正在变成事实。
In Cambridge； Keynes set out to save capitalism from itself by writing a book about what caused the Great Depression and what to do about it。 He aimed to rewrite the rules of economics； to see a country's economy as a whole； as a machine that could be managed。
在剑桥，凯恩斯通过撰写一部关于大萧条的原因及应该如何应付它的著作开始从资本主义制度本身寻求拯救之道。
ROBERT SKIDELSKY： Keynes was the real inventor of macroeconomics。 Concepts we take for granted today； like gross domestic product； the level of unemployment； the rate of inflation； all to do with general features of the economy； were invented by him。
ROBERT SKIDELSKY：凯恩斯是宏观经济学的真正创始人。我们今天认为理所当然的一些概念，例如国内生产总值、失业水平、通货膨胀率等所有用来刻画经济总体特性的指标，都是他提出来的。
GEOFFREY HARCOURT： He was writing a book which he thought would revolutionize the way we thought about economic systems。 It would also give us the means to make sure they operated better。
GEOFFREY HARCOURT：他认为他正在撰写的这部著作将使我们考虑经济体系的方式发生革命性的变化。它还将告诉我们如何让经济运行得更好。
ROBERT SKIDELSKY： It was written against the background of not only the collapse of the world economy； but the potential collapse of democratic government。 Hitler became chancellor of Germany in 1933。 Democracy seemed to be losing ground； and with democracy； the system of liberty。 So Keynes had to produce an answer to the Great Depression； or democracy would be swamped by totalitarianism。 ROBERT SKIDELSKY：这部著作的写作背景不仅是世界经济的崩溃，还有潜在的民主政府垮台的危机。1933年希特勒成为德国总理。民主似乎正在退却；与民主一样的还有自由体制。因此凯恩斯必须为大萧条找到一个答案，否则民主就会被极权主义吞没。
Chapter 5： Global Depression ＇5：26＇
第五章：全球性的萧条
Onscreen title： Washington； ； 1933
字幕标题：华盛顿，哥伦比亚特区，1933年
NARRATOR： The new American president； Franklin Delano Roosevelt； was staring economic disaster in the face。 His wife； Eleanor； described Inauguration Day as "；very solemn； and a little terrifying。"；
旁白：新的美国总统－Franklin Delano Roosevelt－面对这场经济灾难表现出色。他的夫人－Eleanor－形容就职典礼日“非常庄严，有点令人生畏”。
FRANKLIN DELANO ROOSEVELT； ： This great nation will endure as it has endured； will revive and will prosper。 I shall ask the Congress for the one remaining instrument to meet the crisis： broad executive power。
罗斯福，美国总统：我们伟大的国家将象过去一样顽强坚持下去，将会实现复兴和繁荣。我将要求国会给予我广泛的行政权利，这是剩下来的能够对付危机的手段。
NARRATOR： Roosevelt's voice of confidence rallied the nation。
旁白：罗斯福自信的声音令整个国家为之振奋。
He then embarked on a whirlwind program of reform。
然后他着手开始进行旋风式的改革计划。
DANIEL YERGIN： For Roosevelt and the New Deal； it was a war。 They were at war with the Great Depression； and they responded with frenetic activity； relief programs for the unemployed； for the hungry； programs to get people back to work。 They built dams and highways and national parks。 At the same time they instituted a program of regulating capitalism in a way that had never been done before； in order to protect people from what they saw as the recklessness of the unfettered market。
丹尼尔。尤金：对罗斯福和他的新政来说，这是一场战争。他们在和大萧条作战，以狂烈的行动作为回应－救济失业者和挨饿者，让人们重新回到工作岗位上。他们修建水坝、公路和国家公园。同时，他们制定了一项计划，该计划将以前所未有的方式对资本主义进行调控，以保护人们免受自由市场无序发展所带来的伤害。
NARRATOR： Privately； Roosevelt feared the market system had failed； so he created an entire alphabet of new agencies to regulate banks； the stock market； capitalism itself。 New headquarters built for the Interstate merce mission celebrated government regulation； which reined in market forces and curbed capitalism。 Under the New Deal； industry became subject to a host of new rules and regulations。
旁白：私下里，罗斯福对市场体体制的失败感到恐惧，因此他创立了一整套新机构来管理银行、股票市场和资本主义制度本身。为国内运输管理委员会修建的新总部建成，庆祝方式就是发布政府规章。新政实施后，企业要受到一系列新规则和规章制度的约束。
DANIEL YERGIN： And the airline industry was a very good example of that。 You had people go into this business； be very petitive； they'd go bankrupt。 New people would e in； they would go bankrupt。 It was very unstable； so the New Deal stepped in and said； "；We're going to stabilize this industry。 We're going to set the prices that you can charge for tickets。 We're going to tell you what routes you can fly。"； And with that system they eliminated these very vicious cycles of boom and bust in the aviation industry； and in a sense； that was what they were aiming to do throughout the American economy。
丹尼尔。尤金：航空业是一个很好的例子。企业进入这个行业，然后激烈竞争，然后破产；新的企业再进来，然后又破产；整个行业非常不稳定。因此新政插手这个行业，“我们要稳定这个行业，设定机票价格，规定各公司能够经营的航线。”通过这种方法，他们消除了航空业中繁荣－破产的恶性循环。在某种意义上，这也是他们对整个美国经济的目标。
Onscreen title： Cambridge University； 1936
字幕标题：剑桥大学，1936年
NARRATOR： In 1936 John Maynard Keynes finally published his General Theory； a brilliant analysis of how to fight the Depression。 By showing governments that it was possible to manage their economies； Keynes made himself the most influential economist of the age。
旁白：1936年，凯恩斯的《通论》终于出版了，这本书对如何与萧条作斗争进行了才华横溢的分析。凯恩斯告诉各国政府对经济进行管理是可能的，这使他成为那个时代最有影响的经济学家。
ROBERT SKIDELSKY： Keynes's solution to unemployment was for the government to spend the money to restore and maintain full employment。
ROBERT SKIDELSKY：凯恩斯解决失业问题的方案是扩大政府开支以恢复和保持充分就业。
NARRATOR： Governments； said Keynes； should spend agains